We present a machine learning framework for testing general relativity (GR) with gravitational wave signals from binary black hole mergers. Using the source parameters of 173 BBH events from the GWTC catalog as a realistic astrophysical population, we generate simulated GR waveforms and construct beyond GR (BGR) waveforms by applying controlled phase deformations. We introduce a response function formalism that provides a systematic framework for quantifying how any observable responds to modifications of GR. We train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on two input representations: whitened waveforms and a response function type observable derived from the waveform mismatch, which isolates the effect of phase deviations from the bulk signal. Using response functions as the CNN input improves the classification sensitivity by a factor of approximately 33 compared to whitened waveforms, demonstrating that the choice of observable representation is as important as the classifier architecture. We study the fundamental limits of this classification through Bayes optimal error analysis, averaging methods that reveal coherent patterns hidden in noise, and a comparison between CNN accuracy and a single feature classifier as a proxy for human performance. At all deformation scales, the CNN outperforms the best single feature approach. We extend the framework to physically motivated theories using the parameterized post Einsteinian (ppE) formalism and apply it to massive gravity, where the classifier detects deviations for graviton masses of order $m_g \sim 10^{-23}\;\mathrm{eV}/c^2$ with aLIGO design sensitivity.
Artificial satellites and space debris increasingly contaminate astronomical images, affecting scientific surveys and producing large volumes of streaked exposures. Manual inspection is no longer feasible at scale, and reliable detection and characterisation of streaks has become essential for both data-quality control and the monitoring of objects in Earth orbit. We present StreakMind, an automated pipeline designed to detect Near-Earth Objects and satellite streaks in astronomical images, characterise their geometry, and cross-identify them with known orbital objects. The system integrates all inference results into a structured database suitable for large surveys. A YOLO OBB model was trained on a hybrid dataset of 2335 images and applied to processed FITS frames. Geometric refinement, inter-frame association, satellite cross-identification, and Gaussian-based confidence scoring were then used to produce final identifications stored in a relational database. Observations from La Sagra Observatory were used to develop and test the method. On the test set, the model achieved a precision of 94 percent and a recall of 97 percent. It reliably detected faint streaks, delivered consistent geometric reconstructions, and performed robust satellite cross-identification. StreakMind demonstrates strong potential for large-scale automated analysis of linear streaks produced by both Near-Earth Objects and artificial satellites, contributing to space situational awareness.